The efficacy of American ginseng
What is American ginseng
American ginseng/American ginseng is a perennial herb belonging to the genus Panax acanthaceae, which is almost all important in Chinese herbs, especially Asian ginseng.
American ginseng is native to the temperate forests of eastern North America, from southern Quebec, Minnesota, and Wisconsin in the north to Oklahoma, the Ozarks, and Georgia in the south.
Its main active ingredient is ginsenosides, which are distributed in many parts, including roots, leaves, and berries. In general, the active or inactive chemical substances that can be extracted from it can be divided into five categories: saponins, polysaccharides, polyenes, flavonoids and volatile oils, in which saponins and polysaccharides are the main research objects.
So far, more than 30 kinds of ginsenosides have been isolated from American ginseng, and according to their aglycone structure, they are divided into two categories: Dammarane type (including Rb1, Rc, Rd, Re, Rg1). And oleanane type (Ro).
Various ginsenosides have different pharmacological effects, including nervous system regulation, immune system regulation, anti-cancer, anti-oxidation and anti-diabetes.
First mentioned in the New Compendium of Materia Medica in 1757, American ginseng is one of the most widely used medicinal plants as an adaptogen that promotes vitality, improves physical performance, and increases resistance to stress and aging.
What are the empirical effects of American ginseng
1. Citi ginseng to prevent the common cold
The common cold is defined as an upper respiratory infection that primarily affects the nasal lining and is caused by a virus (usually a rhinovirus, but also a coronavirus and respiratory syncytial virus, or metapneumovirus).
Common cold symptoms include sneezing, runny nose, headache and general malaise, with about 50% of patients experiencing a sore throat and 40% coughing.
2. American ginseng is beneficial for type 2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes is a disease that affects more than 400 million people worldwide, and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes is expected to explode over the next 20 years due to increasing age, obesity and an increase in at-risk ethnic groups.
People with chronic hyperglycemia and diabetes can develop damage to various organ systems and lead to the development of disabling and life-threatening complications, the most common of which are microvascular complications (retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy) and macrovascular complications, which increase the risk of cardiovascular disease by two to four times.
A double-blind, randomized, cross-over, 8-week clinical trial of 24 patients undergoing treatment for type 2 diabetes showed that oral American ginseng (American ginseng) extract significantly reduced HbA1c and fasting blood glucose compared with placebo.
The use of American ginseng (American Ginseng) extract in addition to traditional diabetes treatment may have additional positive effects on blood glucose management, but due to the small sample size and short study period, more large-scale long-term trials are needed to support this.
3. American ginseng is beneficial to cognitive memory performance
Working memory plays an important role in everyday tasks, such as listening to voice instructions, reading magazine articles, and calculating tips at restaurants, that require the temporary storage and processing of information.
Working memory is essential to everyday life and is central to human reasoning and judgment. In other words, working memory is an important part of cognitive performance and a determinant of intelligence
In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial of 32 healthy adults, supplementation with American ginseng extract (brand name Cereboost, 10.65% ginsenoside) significantly improved short-term working memory performance.
American ginseng (American Ginseng) supplementation may help improve short-term cognitive memory function, but limited by the small sample size, more studies are needed to confirm.
4. American ginseng is beneficial for cancer-related fatigue
Fatigue is the most common unmanaged symptom in cancer patients, often occurring in patients undergoing chemotherapy, radiation, biotherapy, and those who have completed treatment.
The incidence of fatigue was found to be between 59 and 96 percent in patients undergoing chemotherapy, 65 to 100 percent in patients undergoing radiation therapy, and 30 percent in long-term survivors
In contrast to other types of fatigue, the main characteristic of cancer-related fatigue is abnormal or extreme fatigue that is not alleviated by sleep or rest.
A randomized, double-blind, 8-week trial of 364 patients with cancer-related fatigue showed that the use of American ginseng (2000mg daily) improved cancer-related fatigue.
The underlying mechanism may be related to the down-regulation of inflammatory pathways, the regulation of cortisol and the effects of chronic stress on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
For patients with cancer-related fatigue, the use of American ginseng (American ginseng) may be helpful for symptom improvement, but due to the short study period, more long-term trials are needed to confirm.
5. Citi ginseng reduces oxidative stress damage
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the product of normal cellular metabolism of organisms. At low to moderate concentrations, they play a role in physiological cellular processes (including killing invading pathogens, wound healing, and tissue repair processes).
But at high concentrations, they produce adverse modifications to cellular components, such as lipids, proteins, and DNA, and cause oxidative stress to rise.
Excessive oxidative stress can lead to a variety of pathologic conditions, including cancer, neurological diseases, atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemia/perfusion, diabetes, acute respiratory distress syndrome, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma.
A controlled study of 14 healthy adults showed that consumption of American ginseng tea (200mL) could protect cellular DNA against oxidative stress for a short period of time (as measured by Comet Assay).
Ingestion of American ginseng (American ginseng) can help reduce oxidative stress on cellular DNA, but due to the small sample size, more rigorous tests are needed to confirm this.
6. American ginseng can protect against ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation is widely used today in medical diagnosis, cancer-related treatment, and industrial applications.
In addition to directly affecting cells, these ionizing radiation may also overproduce reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide, lipid hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, hydroxide, hydride and peroxynitrite) and damage cells, which can seriously induce cell death, gene mutation and cancer.
Amifostine is currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as a radiological protection agent for cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy.
However, limitations associated with amifostine include its inherent toxicity, high cost, route of administration, and possible tumor protective mechanisms.
An in vitro cell study found that North American ginseng extract can reduce cell damage caused by radiation exposure, and the related protective effect is comparable to anti-radiation drugs.
American ginseng (American Ginseng) extract may have a protective effect against cell damage caused by radiation exposure, but it still needs to be further verified in human experiments.
7. American ginseng is beneficial for blood pressure regulation
Essential hypertension is characterized by a chronic increase in blood pressure caused by unknown causes, and it affects nearly 95% of hypertensive patients, with genetic factors accounting for about half.
Because high blood pressure is usually asymptomatic, only 70 percent of people are aware of their elevated blood pressure and 59 percent receive treatment, which can lead to myocardial infarction, stroke, and kidney failure in the long run if not detected early and treated properly.
A double-blind, placebo-controlled study (12 weeks of 64 well-controlled patients with essential hypertension and type 2 diabetes) showed that the use of American ginseng (3g daily dose) reduced atherosclerotic measures and reduced systolic blood pressure by 11.7% compared with placebo, but had no significant effect on diastolic blood pressure.
The use of American ginseng (American ginseng) in the routine treatment of diabetes combined with hypertension may provide additional assistance in blood pressure regulation.
reference
1. North American (Panax quinquefolius) and Asian Ginseng (Panax ginseng) Preparations for Prevention of the Common Cold in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review
2. Efficacy and safety of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) extract on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind, randomized, cross-over clinical trial
3. Wisconsin Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) to Improve Cancer-Related Fatigue: A Randomized, Double-Blind Trial, N07C2
4. American ginseng tea protects cellular DNA within 2 h from consumption: results of a pilot study in healthy human volunteers
5. Radioprotective effect of American ginseng on human lymphocytes at 90 minutes postirradiation: a study of 40 cases
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