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Antioxidant Effect

Under normal circumstances, the body maintains a balance between antioxidants and pro-oxidants. Oxidative stress is a harmful process that may be an important mediator of damage to cellular structures, thereby inducing various disease states such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, neurological diseases, and diabetes. Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), most commonly through overstimulation of NADPH by cytokines or through the mitochondrial electron transport chain and xanthine oxidase, can lead to oxidative stress. Experiments have shown that berberine metabolites and berberine show excellent -OH scavenging activity, and their effects are roughly equivalent to the powerful antioxidant vitamin C. The increase in SOD (superoxide dismutase) activity and the decrease in MDA (a marker of lipid peroxidation) levels can be monitored by administering berberine to diabetic model rats . Further results showed that the scavenging activity of berberine is closely related to its ferrous ion chelating activity, and the C-9 hydroxyl group of berberine is an essential part.

Anti-tumor Effect

There have been numerous reports on the anti-cancer effects of berberine. Various studies in recent years have shown that berberine is effective in the adjuvant treatment of ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, cervical cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, kidney cancer, It is of great significance in the treatment of serious cancer diseases such as bladder cancer and prostate cancer . Berberine can inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells by interacting with various targets and mechanisms. It can change the expression of oncogenes and carcinogenesis-related genes to regulate the activity of related enzymes to inhibit proliferation .

Cardiovascular Effects

Berberine plays a pivotal role in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and has an extremely wide range of applications. Berberine achieves the purpose of anti-arrhythmia by reducing the incidence of premature ventricular contractions and inhibiting the occurrence of ventricular tachycardia. Second, dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is characterized by increased levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), and decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), whereas berberine The stability of these indicators can be maintained extremely well. Long-term hyperlipidemia is an important cause of atherosclerotic plaque formation. It has been reported that berberine affects LDL receptors in liver cells to reduce human serum cholesterol levels in hepatocytes. Not only that, berberine has positive inotropic effects and has been used to treat congestive heart failure .

Endocrine Effects

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by an increase in blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) resulting from the inability of pancreatic B cells to produce sufficient insulin, or the loss of effective target tissue responses to insulin. The hypoglycemic effects of berberine were discovered incidentally in the 1980s when treating diabetic patients with diarrhea.

Many Studies Show That Berberine Lowers Blood Sugar Through The Following Mechanisms:

Inhibits mitochondrial glucose oxidation and stimulates glycolysis, subsequently increasing glucose metabolism;

Reduced ATP levels by inhibiting mitochondrial function in the liver;

Inhibits the activity of DPP 4, a ubiquitous serine protease, thereby cleaving certain peptides that increase insulin levels in the setting of hyperglycemia.

Berberine has beneficial effects on improving insulin resistance and glucose utilization in tissues by reducing lipids (especially triglycerides) and plasma free fatty acid levels .