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What is an elderberry?
Elderberry is a deciduous shrub belonging to the honeysuckle family. Its fruits are rich in anthocyanins, flavonoids (such as quercetin and rutin), and polyphenols.
There are many varieties of elderberry, the most common of which is the western black elderberry, including leaves, bark, flowers and berries can be used for medicinal purposes, of which the elderberry is the most commonly studied target.
400 BC, the Greek famous doctor, the father of medicine: Hippocrates had given elderberry as a natural medicine box, meaning that it is the greatest healing plant in nature.
Before the invention of antibiotics, elderberry was one of the mainstream ingredients prescribed by medical personnel at the time, and today it is made into health food (juice and lozenges), which is considered to have potential effects on colds, flu and viral infections, but the relevant human evidence is still limited.
Elderberry history In China, elderberry has no long history of medicinal use, first published in the Tang Herbs, the root and root bark, stem leaves, flowers are used for medicinal purposes. Elderberry has the effects of reinforcing bone and reinforcing tendons, promoting blood circulation and relieving pain, dispelling wind and dampness. It is mainly used for treating swelling pain, fracture and wound bleeding. Abstract of Chinese Medicine records the effect of elderflower as “sweat medicine”
What are the empirical benefits of elderberry?
Bone grafting does not help with upper respiratory symptoms
Upper respiratory tract infection is an infection involving the upper respiratory tract. Sites involved may include the nose, throat, larynx (voice box), sinuses, pharynx, and trachea.
Upper respiratory infections can be spread through direct contact with droplets produced by sneezing or coughing. Touching the nose or mouth with hands that have been exposed to viruses or bacteria can also cause transmission.
In addition to influenza, the complications of upper respiratory tract infection are relatively rare, and the complications of influenza infection include primary influenza viral pneumonia, secondary bacterial pneumonia, sinusitis, otitis media, myocarditis, etc.
A meta-analysis of the literature (four randomized controlled clinical trials involving 180 patients with upper respiratory tract infections) indicated that supplementation with elderberry extract significantly reduced the duration of upper respiratory tract symptoms.
In addition, moderated variable analysis found that influenza vaccination status did not change the effect of elderberry supplementation, and the magnitude of improvement (duration and severity of symptoms) was most significant with influenza (compared with common cold).
Supplementation with standardized elderberry extract at the onset of upper respiratory symptoms can help reduce the duration and severity of symptoms, but more research is needed due to the small sample size.
Bone grafting is not beneficial for knee osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease. It can cause pain, swelling and stiffness, affecting a person’s ability to move freely. Osteoarthritis affects the entire joint, including the tissues surrounding the joint. It is most commonly found in the knee, hip, spine and hand joints. There are many factors that contribute to osteoarthritis, including a history of joint injury or overuse, older age, and being overweight. Osteoarthritis affects women more than men. Building strong muscles and maintaining a healthy weight through exercise and a healthy diet can reduce symptoms. In severe cases, joint replacement is possible to reduce pain and restore mobility. Once pain and loss of motor function become chronic, people with osteoarthritis often experience limitations in engaging in meaningful activities, decreased well-being, and psychological distress.
A randomized, double-blind, actively controlled clinical trial (4 weeks) of 79 patients with knee osteoarthritis showed that topical elderberry gel had better symptom improvement than the analgesic gel diclofenac.
Topical elderberry extract gel may be helpful for knee osteoarthritis, but due to the small sample size, more studies are needed for further verification.
Bone grafting is not beneficial for cryptopterus dermatitis
Cryptopterus dermatitis is an acute inflammatory reaction caused by skin contact with cryptopterus venom. It is an ant-shaped beetle with a body length of 0.6 ~ 0.8 cm and a black and orange-red head, chest and abdomen. They live under weed stones during the day, are active at night, have phototaxis, fly under the light after entering the house, and when they fall, stop under the human body or desktop and are beaten or crushed, the body fluids contact the skin or are carried elsewhere by the hands of the patting insects and cause contact dermatitis. When people itch and burn, they will habitually scratch the affected area, and further expand the damaged part along the direction of scratching. If the insect is found on the skin, the correct action is to gently blow it away, or shake it off, and then clean the skin that has come into contact with the insect with water or alkaline soapy water.
A randomized, double-blind, prospective, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 62 patients with elderma dermatitis used topical palemolin (5% elderberry alcohol infusion) and hydrocortisone ointment in group A and 70% ethanol topical solution and hydrocortisone ointment in group B.
The results showed that group A had more effective control of burning, pain, inflammation, dry wounds, infection, and accelerated healing, and 93.9% of Group A patients completely eliminated problems related to the lesion within 48 hours of treatment (65.4 percent of group B patients).
Elderberry extract infusion may be positive for the treatment of cryptopterus dermatitis, but due to the small sample size, more studies are needed to further verify.
Bone grafting is not beneficial for cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, claiming an estimated 17.9 million lives each year. Cardiovascular disease is a category of heart and vascular diseases that includes coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, rheumatic heart disease, and other diseases. More than four out of five cardiovascular disease deaths are due to heart attacks and strokes, with a third of these deaths occurring in people under the age of 70.
A double-blind controlled study (12 weeks in 52 postmenopausal women) found that elderberry extract, while safe, had limited cardiovascular protective effects, with no significant changes in risk markers such as inflammation index, vascular reactivity, and lipids.
Osteoporosis (caused by diabetes)
Osteoporosis is a disease in which the bone density of the finger decreases and the bone becomes weak and prone to fracture. Old age, estrogen deficiency, insufficient vitamin D or calcium intake, and certain diseases can reduce the amount of components that maintain bone density and bone strength. Osteoporosis may not show symptoms until a fracture occurs. Fractures can occur with little or no external force, and can occur after a minor fall. It is one of the most common bone metabolic diseases, characterized by decreased bone density and increased bone porosity, leading to fracture, usually caused by postmenopausal estrogen deficiency and age-related bone loss. In addition, diabetes is also a common risk factor.
Clinically, about 1/2 to 2/3 of diabetic patients have weakened bone strength, and 1/3 have been diagnosed with osteoporosis.
An animal study pointed out that elderberry extract may have the effect of slowing bone loss and improving osteoporosis, but due to the lack of relevant human studies, further confirmation is needed.
Bone grafting has no beneficial cholesterol management
Cholesterol is a waxy fatty substance found in the cell walls of all organs in our body, including the nervous system, liver and heart. The body uses cholesterol to make hormones, bile acids, vitamin D and other substances. Most of the cholesterol in the body is produced in the liver, and the rest comes from the food we eat.
A double-blind controlled study (2 weeks in 34 healthy subjects) showed that a low dose of elderberry extract had a slight effect on lowering postpranpranal blood lipids (cholesterol) compared with a placebo.
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