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Ergothioneine: a powerful anti-aging agent found in nature

In the dietary supplement industry, countless brands have launched single-ingredient products with superposition, bioavailability and purity. However, these products often do not live up to their claimed efficacy or are not supported by scientific testing. The same is true for the antioxidants on the market today, many of which claim to support the immune system. Ergothioneine is one of the oldest biologically active ingredients. Ergothione is not produced in the body, it must be obtained through the diet. Science has never been conclusive, but the leading hypothesis regarding the origin of ergothionein (EGT) is that it actually predates oxidation in the Earth’s atmosphere, which, if true, would put its age at about 2.4 billion years. This would undoubtedly make ergothioneine (EGT) one of the oldest bioactive compounds known to science.

Biosynthesis of ergothionein and its anti-aging mechanism

Given this, it’s not surprising that human cells have shown a high affinity for ergothioneine (ET) – it’s been with them basically throughout human evolution. It should come as no surprise that ergothioneine (EGT) plays an important supporting role in many aspects of human health.

Ergothioneine (ET) is a naturally occurring antioxidant found in a variety of uncommon foods, especially edible mushrooms. [6,7] A large number of convincing studies have shown that ergothioneine (EGT) can provide profound protection against oxidative stress, improve immune and inflammatory function, and protect cells from many different types of cytotoxins, especially in the skin, and of course, the benefits to skin health are actually just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to MitoPrime applications. The presence of an evolutionarily conserved ergothione specific cell transporter speaks volumes about the importance of this molecule to human longevity.

On March 6th, 2024, Professor Yukio Kato of Kanazawa University’s School of Pharmacy in Japan wrote an article titled “Ergothioneine promotes longevity and healthy aging in male mice” in the journal GeroScience. The study found that ergothioneine supplementation extended the lifespan of mice and promoted healthy aging. Studies have shown that the median and mean survival age of mice fed ergothioneine at a dose of 4-5 mg/kg body weight per day increased by 16% and 21%, respectively. In addition, the study found that treatment with 10 mM concentration of ergothione significantly extended the lifespan of C. elegans and improved the non-aging period. The conclusions of the paper suggest that ergothioneine intake can inhibit the aging process in several organs, including the kidney, liver and brain, and improve age-related learning and memory impairment. Of particular note, ergothioneine intake also led to significant age-related declines in body weight, fat mass, and average and maximum exercise speed. The 2016 study was published in “Ergothionein Levels Decrease with Age and Incidence of Cognitive Decline in the Elderly Population,” and the 2020 study includes two, “Ergothionein Reduces mortality and cardiovascular disease risk,” and “Ergothionein is the” longevity vitamin “in the American Diet,” published in the Journal of Nutritional Sciences. The 2022 study was published in the Journal of Food Function, titled “Ergothioneine shows life-prolonging effects in Drosophilia by regulating cholinergic neurotransmission, tyrosine metabolism, and fatty acid oxidation.” The joint findings of this series of papers demonstrate that ergothioneine works through a super-antioxidant at the mitochondrial level of the cell.

According to a 2020 article published in the Journal of Nutritional Sciences, the United States, a country with a high incidence of neurological diseases, has a lower intake of ergothioneine (EGT) compared to countries with similar levels of economic development. For example, Italians consume about 4.6 mg of ergothioneine (EGT) per day from food, while Americans consume only 1.1 mg. [10] Among the countries examined in this study, ergothioneine (EGT) intakes were highest in Italy and lowest in the United States, so 1.1 to 4.6 mg is a reasonable range for appropriate EGT intakes. In general, MitoPrime is taken at least 5 mg per day, however, since it is accumulated and, like creatine and beta-alanine, has a loading period, more “loading” doses can be strategically utilized to enhance the effect (e.g. 15-25 mg per day), especially if supplementation is needed immediately. A supplement strategy of 25 mg per day can be used.

Full effect anti-inflammatory

For obvious reasons, immune function has been a hot topic in recent years. Since both acute and chronic infections can seriously reduce quality of life and prevent you from reaching your full life potential, supporting immune function is one of the key goals of nutritional supplementation. Fortunately for us, numerous in vitro and animal studies have shown that ergothioneine (EGT) has powerful anti-inflammatory effects that can help your body cope with infectious diseases. For example, one study conducted on muscle cells found that ergothioneine (EGT) significantly reduced the inflammatory response of muscle cells to the fatty acid palmitic acid. [17] Cells pretreated with ergothioneine (ET) before exposure to palmitic acid had a much higher survival rate and produced much less of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) compared to control cells. [17] Of course, this is only in cell cultures-so what about the results in animal experiments? In one study, researchers randomly assigned mice to receive either ergothioneine (EGT) or a placebo for 15 days. At the end of the treatment period, they induced ischemia in the rats to see how ergothionein (EGT) affected tissue damage caused by inadequate blood supply. [18] In the hours after ischemia, they measured the levels of inflammatory molecules, such as cytokines, in the rats’ blood and tissues. They also conducted histological studies of intestinal tissue from the rats. [18] The researchers found that the rats treated with EGT showed significantly fewer signs of inflammation than the control group, and that their intestinal tissue recovered better from ischemia. Summarizing these findings, we can say that the intestinal tissue structure of the ergothioneine (ET) group was better preserved than that of the control group. [18] The anaerobic (literally no oxygen) origin of ergothioneine (EGT) can help us understand this result – after all, cutting off the blood supply (ischemia) causes damage primarily by depriving cells of oxygen. Since ergothioneine (EGT) initially appears to help organisms cope with cellular stress in an oxygen-free environment, it is logical that it could help mitigate the damage caused by cellular hypoxia. In another study, the researchers induced an experimental model of ARDS, an inflammatory disease of lung tissue. ARDS is a hot topic today because it is often triggered by a cytokine storm of uncontrolled lung inflammation, which is often associated with severe SARS-CoV-2 infections. [19] Rats treated with ergothioneine showed significantly lower cytokine activity and lung tissue damage after ARDS. [19] Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an enzyme that is largely responsible for tissue damage caused by inflammation. The ability of ergothioneine (EGT) to inhibit MPO is an important factor in its anti-inflammatory activity. [7]MPO is also associated with the function of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell), which is why high neutrophil counts are strongly associated with adverse consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection. [20,21] Neutrophils produce a large number of inflammatory free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the process of immune function.

Neutrophils are also necessary for immunity, so we don’t want to get rid of them, but we do need some way to clean up the reactive oxygen species they produce to prevent oxidative damage to the surrounding tissues. It turns out that’s exactly how ergothioneine (EGT) works. It has been shown to mop up free radicals produced by MPO-containing neutrophils, and ergothione is even better at scavenging free radicals than powerful antioxidants such as glutathione and vitamin C. [7] This is one of the main mechanisms by which ergothioneine (EGT) is able to prevent the cytokine storm common in severe SARS-CoV-2.

Can improve cardiometabolic, keep the heart healthy and long life

The inhibitory effect of ergothioneine (EGT) on MPO myeloperoxidase is an important point for its cardiovascular benefits. This is because MPO inhibitors have antithrombotic and anticoagulant effects. When bound to neutrophils, MPO plays a crucial role in the formation of the extracellular matrix around neutrophils. These fibrin-containing stroma are called neutrophil extracellular traps, or NETS, and can wreak havoc on the cardiovascular system by binding to red blood cells. Because of this binding effect of NET, MPO activity can form clots (blood clots). Aiaa [15]

Promotes the growth and repair of neurons

Our study of the ergothionein (EGT) transporter discussed at the beginning of this article, known as OCTN1, found that it plays a key role in helping neurons grow and differentiate, [35] which is a key component of healing after brain injury. A 2021 mouse study concluded that ergothioneine (EGT) supplements actually upregulate neurogenesis, significantly improving rodents’ performance on memory tests. [36]

Serum ergothioneine (ET) and the risk of neurological diseases

As we have seen in cardiovascular disease, serum EGT levels appear to be inversely associated with the risk of neurological disease – lower levels of EGT have been found in patients with Parkinson’s disease [25] and mild cognitive impairment. [26] Research suggests that ergothioneine (ET) may be critical for nervous system health – lower levels of ET have been observed in patients with severe and mild cognitive impairment. [25 to 28]

Effect on skin care

The body stores ergothionein not only in the liver, kidneys, eyes, and bone marrow, but also in the skin! [37,38] In fact, there is an entire 2009 journal article entitled “Skin Cells and Tissues are able to use L-ergothionein as a component of their antioxidant defense system” that explains the incredible potential of ergothionein (EGT) for skin protection and repair. [38] In fact, the aforementioned OCTN1 ergothione transporter is highly expressed in the human epidermis [38] and is used to fight reactive oxygen species, prevent lipid damage in skin cells, and protect DNA, especially when exposed to UV light and oxidative stress. [41] 38 –

UV damage caused by UV can be avoided

One study even concluded that only nanomolar amounts provide the following benefits:

“Ergothioneine at nanomolar concentrations is effective in improving skin damage caused by UVA and can be considered an ideal food supplement for skin protection and/or preparation of skin care products.” [41] In in vitro studies, ergothioneine began to accumulate in as little as one day, and in just nine days, ergothioneine (ET) levels increased by 600%! [42] The researchers of this study concluded: “In summary, we provide evidence that skin cells and tissues can absorb, accumulate, and utilize the powerful antioxidant L-ergothionein.” This naturally occurring amino acid site EGT and its receptor/transporter have been reported to have multiple protective effects as components of the skin’s antioxidant defense system.” [38]

Mechanism: Better perception of skin damage and activation of protective effects

To make a long story short, ergothioneine (EGT) can activate Nrf2, a leucine zipper protein that plays an important regulatory role in cells, specifically involved in antioxidant stress and cellular defense mechanisms, resulting in a protective effect. This produces multiple effects (especially in UVA-irradiated cells) and helps protect collagen and extracellular matrix from degradation by increasing cell viability. [40]

Protects hyaluronic acid from degradation

Many of us who study skin and joint care protocols know about hyaluronic acid, a molecule found in soft tissues that helps cells retain water and stay hydrated. A recent study from 2021 showed that ergothionein can actually protect hyaluronic acid from degradation. [43] This is very useful for general skin care, and we believe MitoPrime® can be even more effective. Ergothione protects hyaluronic acid, which has an interesting ripple effect – it leads to better overall wound healing! [43] Usually we don’t think about using supplements to speed up wound healing, but it’s something worth knowing and keeping in mind.

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