ガンマアミノ酪酸（GABA）と健康

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is one of the main inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system, mediating more than 40% of inhibitory nerve conduction, and its receptors are A, B, and C.

GABA is widely distributed in the body. In addition to the high content in the brain and GABaergic nerves, there are also trace amounts of GABA in the kidneys, liver and blood vessels.

GABA has been reported to regulate blood pressure, anti-anxiety, promote brain blood flow, enhance brain vitality, nourish nerve cells, increase growth hormone secretion, improve liver and kidney, prevent obesity, promote alcohol metabolism (sober up), improve menopausal syndrome and so on.

The relationship with health

1. Lower blood pressure

GABA can lower blood pressure by dilating blood vessels and inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity. GABA binds to postsynaptic receptors (A receptors that dilate blood vessels and B receptors that inhibit sympathetic nerve endings) and effectively promotes vascular dilation, thereby lowering blood pressure.

2. Improve sleep

GABA synthesis neurons are distributed in the nuclei of brainstem, diencephalon and projection neurons, and play an inhibitory role in cortical projection.

Li Shaodan et al. discussed the changes of neurotransmitter activity in the brain of people with sub-health insomnia, and concluded that sub-health insomnia is mainly due to abnormal GABA and Glu activity. Noriko Horie et al. showed that compared with the control group, the GABA intake group was easier to fall asleep and had a higher degree of sleep.

3. Anti-anxiety

GABA plays an important role in improving stress and mood disorders. Intake of GABA can improve the activity of glucophospholipase, thereby promoting brain energy metabolism, increasing cerebral blood flow and oxygen supply to improve nerve function;

In addition, GABA is a inhibitory transmitter of the nervous system, which can bind to and activate anti-anxiety brain receptors, and then cooperate with other substances to prevent anxiety-related information from reaching the brain indication center, and then promote relaxation and eliminate nervous tension to achieve anti-stress and anti-anxiety effects.

4. Anti-epilepsy

The imbalance between GABA inhibitory neurotransmitter and Glu excitatory neurotransmitter is considered to be one of the main mechanisms of epileptic seizures. The level of GABA in spinal fluid of epileptic patients is significantly lower than that of normal people, and its level is related to seizure type.

Supplementing GABA has different degrees of efficacy for epilepsy patients, especially for children, adolescents and mild patients, and can also reduce symptoms for patients with severe and refractory pain.

5. Improve cognitive function

The levels of GABA in the medial parietal lobe of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were measured. It was found that GABA levels were negatively correlated with cognitive functions such as hearing and memory, and GABA levels were higher in AD patients than in MCI patients. Therefore, GABA has potential beneficial effects in the treatment of AD patients.

6.GABA and reproductive function

GABA is also present in male gonads and accessory gonads, is closely related to sperm movement and steroid hormone production, and has a regulatory effect on male reproductive function. It was found that GABA receptors exist on the surface of sperm membrane, suggesting that GABA has a certain relationship with sperm function.

GABA can induce acrosomal reaction in human capacitated sperm, and it increases significantly with the capacitation process of sperm, and there is a significant dot-effect relationship, and this effect can be enhanced by P4. In addition, GABA can significantly promote the ability of human sperm to penetrate the egg.

7. Detoxification

GABA can react with α-ketoglutaric acid to produce glutamic acid, inhibit the decarboxylation of glutamic acid, effectively reduce the blood ammonia concentration, and promote more glutamic acid to combine with ammonia to produce urea excretion, remove ammonia toxicity, and improve liver function.

A large number of studies have proved that alcohol is neurotoxic and has a great effect on the morphology and biochemical properties of neuroblasts. Spoerri et al. found that GABA can remove the toxicity of alcohol to neuroblasts, maintain the phenotype of neuroblasts, and have neurotrophic effects.

8. Other functions

By activating GABA receptors on the cell membrane of islets, GABA stimulates the proliferation of islet beta cells, promotes insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon secretion, increases insulin sensitivity, maintains glucose homeostasis, and exerts anti-inflammatory effects directly or indirectly. Play an active role in the intervention of diabetes.

GABA also has immunomodulatory functions. GABA can significantly inhibit the growth of cytokine-induced killer cells (CIK), reduce the expression of CD28 and CD25 on CIK cells, and promote cell apoptosis.

Dosage instruction

At present, data on the hazards and toxicity of excessive GABA are lacking, but it has been reported that very large amounts of GABA may cause anxiety, perioral and acro-numbness, shortness of breath, mild gastrointestinal dysfunction (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.), and sleepiness.

There is no specific recommended value and maximum tolerable maximum intake of GABA in China, and the recommended intake of GABA as a dietary supplement in the United States is 15-2250 mg/ day.

Main food source

GABA is commonly found in food, but the content is not high, and the foods with high content are longan, green tea, spinach, potatoes, yams, pumpkin, nuts, rice bran, whole grains, animal liver and so on. GABA content is also higher in fermented foods.

Reference materials:

[1] Chinese Nutrition Society. Reference intake of dietary nutrients for Chinese residents. Beijing: Science Press, 2014. [2]Jia Z Y , Yuan Y Y , Shi Q X . The transducing pathway of Ca2+ influx during progesterone-initiated acrosome reaction of guinea pig sperm[J]. Sheng li xue bao: [Acta physiologica Sinica], 1997, 49(3):349-353.[3]Margineanu D G , Klitgaard H . Mechanisms of drug resistance in epilepsy: relevance for antiepileptic drug discovery[J]. Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2009, 4(1):23.[4]Zareen, et al. “Microbial Proteins as Novel Industrial Biotechnology Hosts to Treat Epilepsy. ” Molecular neurobiology (2017).[5] P., E. , et al. “Ethanol neurotoxicity on neuroblast-enriched cultures from three-day-old chick embryo is attenuated by the neuronotrophic action of GABA.” International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience 13.6(1995):539-544.

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