Khasiat glukosamin
What is glucosamine
Glucosamine is a natural amino acid monosaccharide found in the body’s connective tissues, cartilage, ligaments and other structures and helps maintain their strength, flexibility and elasticity.
Numerous studies have also pointed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and thus its benefits for inflammation-related diseases.
Glucosamine, also known as glucosamine, is currently the most common bone and joint health product (often combined with chondroitin or non-denatuous collagen type II). It is also an essential ingredient in the formation of hyaluronic acid, and it is estimated that 59% of the population who have used alternative therapies have used glucosamine.
What are the empirical effects of glucosamine
Glucosamine is beneficial for temporomandibular joint dysfunction
Temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMJ) is a musculoskeletal disorder characterized by persistent pain in the temporomandibular joint, masticatory muscle, and periear region. The incidence ranges from 21.5% to 50.5%, and is higher in women than in men.
The cause of occurrence is related to physical, hormonal, psychosocial, biological and behavioral factors, and one of the common clinical symptoms is pain, which can affect the ear, eyes or throat and other parts of the neck pain, facial pain and headache, affecting the individual’s sleep, quality of life and mental health.
A meta-analysis of the literature (including three randomized controlled trials related to TMJ dysfunction) indicated that supplementation with chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine helped improve maximum opening.
In addition, there was no statistically significant difference in pain reduction among patients compared with the analgesic tramadol.
For temporomandibular joint dysfunction, glucosamine supplementation with chondroitin sulfate may provide positive help, but due to the small sample size, more studies are needed to confirm.
Glucosamine improves osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis is the most common degenerative joint disease, affecting joints such as the hips, knees, hands and feet and affecting more than 25% of people over the age of 18.
Pathological changes include progressive loss and destruction of articular cartilage, such as subchondral bone thickening, osteophyte formation, synovial inflammation, ligament and knee meniscus degeneration, and capsular hypertrophy.
The main clinical symptoms include chronic pain, joint instability, stiffness, and joint space narrowing, and the causes are multifactorial, including joint injury, obesity, aging, and genetics.
A meta-analysis of the literature (including 18 randomized placebo-controlled trials related to osteoarthritis) indicated that oral glucosamine was helpful for pain relief compared to placebo, but the effect was limited.
In addition, a meta-analysis of 17 randomized placebo-controlled trials related to osteoarthritis (2212 participants) indicated that oral glucosamine may have a small to moderate effect in reducing osteoarthritis-related pain, but not in reducing joint space stenosis.
In addition, smaller doses several times a day had a greater analgesic effect than a large dose (1500 mg) once a day, suggesting that the dosing schedule is important.
As of now, there is insufficient evidence to support that oral glucosamine can delay the natural course of continuous joint degeneration in osteoarthritis, but it may be slightly helpful for pain relief
Glucosamine reduces colorectal cancer risk
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the United States and the third leading cause of cancer death, with approximately 1 in 18 people developing colorectal cancer in their lifetime.
Although there is a large difference in survival depending on the stage of the disease, if colorectal cancer is diagnosed at an early stage, the 5-year survival rate has been reported to be as high as 90%.
Several colorectal cancer screening strategies are available to reduce morbidity and mortality, including fecal occult blood testing (FOBT), barium enema, flexible sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, virtual colonoscopy, and combinations of these tests.
A cancer prevention follow-up study (113,067 participants) showed that compared with those who did not use glucosamine supplements, the risk of colorectal cancer was reduced by about 17%, especially with short-term use (less than 2 years), and long-term continuous use was not associated.
The underlying mechanism is believed to be related to the anti-inflammatory effect of glucosamine (which can inhibit inflammatory transcription factor/NF-kappaB and other pro-inflammatory hormones, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a), interleukin-6 (IL-6), cyclooxygenase (COX-2), and prostaglandin E-2(PGE2)), thus affecting cell growth, proliferation and survival.
Oral glucosamine has been associated with a lower incidence of colorectal cancer in population observations, but more randomized controlled trials are needed.
Glucosamine improves vascular endothelial function
Vascular endothelial cells run throughout the circulatory system, from the heart to the smallest capillaries, and these cells have unique functions that are critical to vascular biology.
These include regulation of vascular permeability and tension, coagulation and fibrinolysis, inflammation and immune response, and cell growth.
If endothelial cell function is abnormal, it is easy to cause hypertension, coronary artery disease, chronic heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, diabetes, chronic kidney failure and serious viral infection.
A controlled study (4 weeks of 39 male volunteers) showed that glucosamine, in addition to significantly increasing vasodilator function, also improved intracellular total glutathione, reduced glutathione, reduced and oxidized glutathione ratios.
Oral glucosamine can improve vascular endothelial function by regulating intracellular REDOX status, but more large-scale studies are needed for further verification.
Glucosamine reduces lung cancer risk
Lung cancer accounts for 17% and 9% of all cancers in men and women, respectively, and 19% of all cancer-related deaths, with the main types being adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma and large cell carcinoma.
Major risk factors include smoking, exposure to second-hand smoke, occupational exposure to chemicals such as asbestos, nickel, chromium and arsenic, exposure to radiation, including radon gas in homes and mines, and exposure to indoor and outdoor air pollution.
In a follow-up study (76,904 participants), long-term use of glucosamine (≥ 4 times per week for more than 3 years) was associated with a lower risk of lung cancer (limited to adenocarcinoma).
Participants who regularly took glucosamine were found to have a lower risk of lung cancer, but more research is needed to confirm causation.
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